科研方法 | 学术论文写作之问卷设计
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征稿：二语写作
A general introduction to the design of questionnaires for survey research
The basic process of survey research can be outlined as follows:
1. define your research aims
2. identify the population and sample
3. decide how to collect replies
4. design your questionnaire
5. run a pilot survey
6. carry out the main survey
7. analyse the data
A crucial part of good research design concerns making sure that the questionnaire design addresses the needs of the research.
Define Your Research Aims
Start your survey by setting down the aims for the survey. To define the aims for academic research you will need to review the relevant literature and you may need to do some preliminary research amongst your target subjects. Fulfilling these aims should then drive the design of your questionnaire and help select questions that are relevant, concise and efficient.
列出调查的目的。事先你需要阅读相关文献，并预先在目标对象中做一些调查。
Identify the Population and Sample
The population is simply all the members of the group that you are interested in. A key issue in choosing the sample relates to whether the members you have chosen are representative of the population. Often the sample is chosen randomly from a list that contains all the members of the population.
选取问卷抽查对象的关键在于这些人是否具有代表性。通常可以从人口各组成群体中随机抽取一部分。
Decide How to Collect Replies
Decide whether the survey is to be completed by the respondent directly or through an interviewer, and design the questionnaire, and any other documents, accordingly. It is important in both circumstances to explain to the potential respondent why you believe they should answer the questions, doing so persuasively can improve response rate. Where the questionnaire is administered by post, or e-mail or some other indirect means, it is usual practice to provide a letter that explains what the questionnaire is about and why its completion is of value.
决定收回问卷的方式，可以是当面完成，也可以发送邮件或其他间接的方式，通常需要让接受调查者了解调查的目的和用途。
Questionnaire Design
Design of the questionnaire can be split into three elements:
a) determine the questions to be asked,
b) select the question type for each question and specify the wording, and
c) design the question sequence and overall questionnaire layout.
Decide on a Layout and Sequence
It is good practice to ensure that the questionnaire has a title and that the revision or date of the version is printed on the questionnaire. A brief introductory statement is useful, especially if the introductory letter could go adrift. Contact and return information should be included on the questionnaire. Similarly it is good practice to number or otherwise identify individual questions for reference purposes.
决定问卷的布局和顺序。问卷应该有一个标题及日期等，还应有简要的介绍，回复信息等。每一张问卷上应标有编号。
Question Types
Different types of questions can be used, e.g. open vs. closed,single vs.multiple responses, ranking, and rating.
Many advise against using open-ended questions and advocate using closed questions. However, open questions can be useful. For example, the open question:
What do you think are the reasons for football hooliganism?
would elicit a whole range of replies of varying length and articulation.
问题类型包括开放式和封闭式，单项和多项选择，排序和评级等。
Decide on Question Wording
Some general rules can be stated on question wording:
• Be concise and unambiguous
• Avoid double questions
• Avoid questions involving negatives
• Ask for precise answers
• Avoid leading questions
Run a Pilot Survey
Test the questionnaire on a small sample of your subjects first.If this is not possible, at least test it on some colleagues or friends. The aim here is to detect any flaws in your questioning and correct these prior to the main survey. Having done your pilot survey, you can make amendments that will help to maximise your response rate and minimise your error rate on answers.
先做一个小范围的试验调查，目的在于发现问卷中的问题，并加以修改。
Carry Out the Main Survey
Identify Respondents and Keep Track of Status
A simple database is useful to keep track of when questionnaires were sent out and to whom.
Number Each Questionnaire
Each individual questionnaire must be uniquely identified by you, preferably
before it is distributed or, to preserve anonymity, afterwards. This
identification could be via a number, or letters and numbers.
Deliver the Questionnaire
Deadlines for distribution should have been decided earlier with allowances for sending out reminders or carrying out follow up calls.
开展正式调查。建立调查对象的数据库，每张问卷需有编号，确定问卷调查的最后完成期限。
Analyse the Data
A precursor to analysis is the coding, entry and checking of data.In all instances data can either be entered direct or imported from otherpackages such as Excel, provided the instructions for the receiving package areadhered to.
数据分析，可直接输入或借助计算机软件。这是进行研究前的关键一步。
来源：学术英语进阶
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